Adopting appropriate and efficient tools for Risk management is a core element in managing a variety of Risks. Insurance-Linked Securities are modern financial-Insurance tools which have been utilized widely by the insurers to cover Risks especially catastrophe related Risks and massive Risks. Moreover, these securities are financial tools that occur in life Insurance securitizations. Heretofore, the Risk securitizations have been inside the Insurance industry and the operational models for issuing such securities on oil and gas projects' Risks have not been presented to the literature yet. Considering the importance of oil and gas sector and also the high diversity and variety of oil and gas projects' Risks and in order to diversify the Risk management tools in the hands of oil and Insurance industries, this paper has tried to develop a model for issuing oil Risk securities based on Simon' s theory of bounded rationality (1996). This model is consistent with conditions in Iranian oil and Insurance industries and the Islamic juridical (Shari' ah) considerations for the corresponding investments.

Since the issuance of auto Insurance and claims paid to insurer is large, study and identification of the most important factors affecting the Risk of autobody Insurance is important. The aim of this study was to investigate the affecting factors on the Risk of auto body Insurance in Dana Company at Babol City in the year 2012. Due to the qualitative nature of the dependent variable, for the analysis a logistic model and the data of a simple random sample of 330 Insurance buyers were used. The result showed that gender and type of vehicle have statistically significant effect on auto Insurance Risk. So if buyer is a female, the probability of accident will decrease and if a vehicle is privately owned, the Risk of accident will increase.

The main challenge for any insurer/reinsurer has proved to be underwriting major refinery/Petrochemical Risk has been the challenge for any insurer/reinsurer. Insurers have been considering process Risk management measures while accepting and evaluating the Risks all over the world. Erstwhile petrochemical tariff was adopting experiencing methodology as basis for premium calculation in Iran. In the present de-tariff scenario decisions will be crucial for underwriters on accepting the Risk and deciding the terms and conditions. On the other hand the insured will be looking for merit based rating instead of general market driven premium calculations. Generalizing the Risks based on the type of occupancy or the past experience also won’t do well either to the insured or to the insurer. Chemical process quantitative Risk analysis (CPQRA) is a methodology designed to provide management with a tool to help evaluate overall process safety in the chemical process industry (CPI). Management systems such as engineering codes, checklists and process safety management (PSM) provide layers of protection against accidents. However, the potential for serious incidents cannot be totally eliminated. CPQRA provides a quantitative method to evaluate Risk and to identify areas for cost-effective Risk reduction. This method can be used as an effective tool in the entire gamut of underwriting of petrochemical Risks in case of property Insurance. One of the most important issues in Insurance companies, is the correct decision to accept Insurance Risk. Insurers to cover Risks in the process of motivation and a desire to identify and eliminate conditions that Risk. Premiums payable by the insurer that the Insurance will be commensurate with Risk. Insurers attempt to identify and reduce Risk can be a very important role in increasing safety in the community. One major concern for insurers or reinsurers to accept Risk of petrochemical refineries, and the tariffs and conditions commensurate with the Risks have been identified. Insurers are seeking ways to reduce Risk insured. At the end of this paper we want to introduced as an effective and good process for Risk analysis that is useful for Insurance company to identified and predict this kind Risks.

Objective: Information asymmetry and its problems are one of the most important issues in the Insurance industry. Asymmetric information between insurer and insured can severely affect Insurance companies' profit and pose significant Risks to them. One of the most important Risks arising from asymmetric information is adverse selection Risk. Adverse selection is the tendency of high Risks to be more likely to buy Insurance or to buy larger amounts than low Risks. Adverse selection is an important source of inefficiency in Insurance markets. In this regard, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the Risk of adverse selection in Iran's health Insurance industry. Methodology: In this study we use a model of demand for health services to incorporate the essential features of asymmetric information in health Insurance markets. This model is based on the work of Bajari et al. (2014) and Culter & Zeckhauser (2000). The used data is extracted from the cost and income inventory of the urban and rural households in Iran in 2016. In order to test the existence of adverse selection in the Iranian health Insurance industry, at the first step, using the nonlinear least squares (NLS) method the demand function for health services is estimated, and employing the estimated parameters, the latent health status variable of each household is obtained. Afterwards, the latent health status distribution between the two groups of insured and uninsured households are compared using Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic test. Findings: The result of the two-sample Kolmogorov– Smirnov test shows that the distribution of latent health variable is not equal in two groups of insured and uninsured households. In other words, there is a significant difference between the health status of insured and uninsured households. As well as, a comparison of the distribution of latent health status between insured and uninsured households shows that on average the level of latent health of insured households is lower than that of uninsured households. Therefore, existence of adverse selection in the Iranian Insurance industry is confirmed. Also, according to the results, the Risk aversion parameter of households for consumption of health services (􀟛 􀬶 ) equals to 0. 1109 and for consumption of other goods ( 􀟛 􀬵 ) is equal to 0. 0226. This result implies that households are more Risk averse with respect to health status than to the aggregate consumption commodity. Conclusion: The results confirm the existence of adverse selection in the Iranian health Insurance industry. In addition, the results show that Risk aversion for the consuming health services is higher than other goods consumption. Therefore, it is essential that health Insurance companies plan and act to reduce the Risk of adverse selection. We also presented some strategies to minimize the adverse selection Risk.

This study draws attention to the ubiquitous and borderless nature of cybercrime. It examines the prospect of introducing customized cyber Insurance policy in the Nigerian market. As secondary data was not available, the study conducted a survey by administering three sets of questionnaire to purposively selected top executives in four Trade Groups that rely heavily on Internet transactions for their operations. The study found that the rate of usage of the Internet and the attendant exposures to cyber-attacks among the various Trade Groups are quite high. Findings also show that the traditional policies have limitations with respect to protection against cyber Risks and that there is a prospect for marketing a specifically designed cyber Insurance policy in Nigeria.

In this paper we analyze asset Risks of an Insurance company in two different categories including investment in stocks and real estate. To calculate stock investment Risk factors, we use daily stock index of Tehran Stock Exchange's main index (TEPIX, 2006-2010), and Index of monthly Private Housing Rental Prices of Iranian urban areas (2002-2011). We analyze different characteristics of index distribution and calculate their corresponding value at Risk (VaR). In order to test the validity of proposed estimations, we conduct a back- test using data for the last three-years (2010-2012). The results show that EGARCH model has a higher precision and performance in contrast to other models. Moreover, it is clear that the calendar effect exists in Iran stock market. By adjusting our data for calendar effect, we show that the stock market Risk factor decreased by 23%.

One of the most important pillars for improving health care services is supplemental health Insurance, which increases people's access to health care. Supplemental health Insurance plans, which cover health expenses above basic medical coverage, with nearly 18% of the Iranian Insurance industry portfolio, plays an important role in the Iranian health system. It is worth mentioning that in addition to profitability for Insurance companies, supplemental health Insurance must be customer-driven. This requires more attention and exploration in the two categories of customer demand assessment and the Insurance company’ s limitations to meet customer’ s expectations and needs. In this research, by analyzing customer’ s expectations and needs using the fuzzy QFD and FMEA hybrid method, a model for designing of supplemental health Insurance for treatment has been presented and Risk factors faced by Insurance companies have been identified and rated.

Agricultre is a Risk activity. There are a number of natural Social economic and mandatory factors which create an uncertain environment for farmers. Governments design policies and programs for supporting farmers and agricultural producers. Revnue Insurance RI is a new program which deals with both price and yield Risks. This paper has tried to review the theory of RI and then to compare RI with price and yeild Insurance programs. using price and yeild data for wheat barley chickpea and onion in Fars. Hermanshah and East Azerbaijan and wheat inKhorasan Razavi provines for2005--2015 to test the possible application of RIit is showed that onion in East Azerbaijan chickpea in in Kermanshah and wheat in Fars and Khorasan Razavi are the best products for being consider in RIprogram. the Results also indicate that rain fed and irrigated onion chickpea wheat and barley are the most suitable products to apply RIprogram at national level.

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to introduce the process of Risk assessment of Insurance companies in a Risk-based supervision system and the way to monitor it. Methodogogy: We used the KNF (2018) Risk assessment framework for Insurance and reInsurance companies. This comprehensive framework uses all available information held by the supervisory authority about the (re)Insurance company, including information obtained as a result of actions related to the licensing, off-site analyses and control actions during on-site inspections carried out in the (re)Insurance company as well as inquiries/questionnaires sent to the (re)Insurance companys. Findings: The supervisory assessment focuses on significant Risks and areas of operation of (re)Insurance companies. Implementing this new approach requires complying the International Association of Insurance Supervisors’ (IAIS) principles, preparing Risk management and actuarial reports, rating and ranking Insurance companies, analyzing complaint data and separating life and non-life Insurance accounts. Conclusions: An action plan is necessary to achieve effective supervision and Risk-based supervision in the Insurance industry:-The compliance of the Insurance regulations with the IAIS core principles-The separation of life and non life Insurance accounts-Developing actuarial standards of practice-Obliging Insurance companies to prepare their Own Risk & Solvency Assessments (ORSA) empowerment to comply with the requirements of the Corporate Governance (Risk Management) Regulations in accordance with IAIS principles-Use of international and general standards and supervisory and regulatory standards of enterprise Risk management-preparation the report of internal controls by Insurance companies.